17 June 2016, 11 am, Friday. Moral Studies : Chapter 3 : Ethical Theories
Beneficence
the principle of beneficence guides the ethical theory to do what is good. This priority to " do good" makes an ethical perspective and possible solution to an ethical dilemma acceptable.
In other words : we should go out and try to help and evaluate our actions in light of our willingness to do good into others
Least Harm
this is similar to beneficence, but deals with situations in which neither choice is beneficial. In this case, a person should choose to do the least harm possible and to do harm to the fewest people.
In other word : act in such a way as to minimize pain and suffering.
Respect for autonomy
this principle states that an ethical theory should allow people to reign over themselves and to be able to make decisions that apply to their lives. This means that people should have control over their lives as much as possible because they are the only people who completely understand their chosen type of lifestyle.
Where do you see Autonomy?
in the US constitution
in the universal declaration of human right
no one else is entitled to have control over you.
Justice
The justice ethical principle states that ethical theories should prescribe actions that are fair to those involved. This means that ethical decisions should be consistent with the ethical theory unless extenuating circumstances that can be justified exist in the case
Justice equals Fair Treatment
Deontology
The deontological theory states that people should adhere (附着 / mematuhi) to their obligations (义务 / tanggujawab) and duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma (道德困境). This means that a person will follow his or her obligations (义务 / tanggungjawab) to another individual or society because upholding one's duty is what is considered ethically correct.
Kant and the Categorical Imperative.
Society tells us what is right
The virtue ethical theory judges a person by his character rather than by an action that may deviate from his normal behavior. It takes the person's morals, reputation and motivation into account when rating an unusual and irregular behavior that is considered unethical.
aishah@president.edu.my
the principle of beneficence guides the ethical theory to do what is good. This priority to " do good" makes an ethical perspective and possible solution to an ethical dilemma acceptable.
In other words : we should go out and try to help and evaluate our actions in light of our willingness to do good into others
Least Harm
this is similar to beneficence, but deals with situations in which neither choice is beneficial. In this case, a person should choose to do the least harm possible and to do harm to the fewest people.
In other word : act in such a way as to minimize pain and suffering.
Respect for autonomy
this principle states that an ethical theory should allow people to reign over themselves and to be able to make decisions that apply to their lives. This means that people should have control over their lives as much as possible because they are the only people who completely understand their chosen type of lifestyle.
Where do you see Autonomy?
in the US constitution
in the universal declaration of human right
no one else is entitled to have control over you.
Justice
The justice ethical principle states that ethical theories should prescribe actions that are fair to those involved. This means that ethical decisions should be consistent with the ethical theory unless extenuating circumstances that can be justified exist in the case
Justice equals Fair Treatment
Deontology
The deontological theory states that people should adhere (附着 / mematuhi) to their obligations (义务 / tanggujawab) and duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma (道德困境). This means that a person will follow his or her obligations (义务 / tanggungjawab) to another individual or society because upholding one's duty is what is considered ethically correct.
Kant and the Categorical Imperative.
Immanuel Kant, German Philosopher
道义论，是具有“道义”色彩理论的统称，也译作 “务本论”、“义务论”或“非结果论”等，“在西方现代伦理学中，指人的行为必须遵照某种道德原则或按照某种正当性去行为的道德理论。”〔1〕该理论体系侧重的是道德行为动 机，不注重行为的后果，而诉诸一定的行为规则、规范及标准，其理论的核心是义务和责任。也就是说，一个行为的正确与否，并不由这个行为的后果来决定的，而 是由这个行为的动机和标准来决定的，注重的是这个行为的动机是否是“善”的，行为的本身是否体现了预设的道德的标准，这样就突出了道义理性的地位，把道义 行为的内在本质认定为是预设的和普遍的。
Utilitarianism (功利主义)
The utilitarian ethical theory is founded on the ability to predict the consequences of an action. To a utilitarian, the choice that yields the greatest benefit to the most people is the choice that is ethically correct.
mill-act so as to generate the greatest good for the greatest number
Rights
In the rights ethical theory the rights set forth by a society are protected and given the highest priority. Rights are considered to be ethically correct and valid since a a large or ruling population endorses them.
Society tells us what is right
On the other hand Natural Rights stem from God or the Universe.
Casuist (诡辩 )
the casuist ethical theory is one that compares a current ethical dilemma with examples of similar ethical dilemmas and their outcomes
this is is similar the case by case argument by comparing examples and outcomes, we can generate a profile.
Virtue
Socrates, Aristotle, Plato
aishah@president.edu.my
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